Uso de psicofármacos y riesgo de apnea del sueño en pacientes internados en hospital general / Psychotropic drugs and obstructive sleep apnea risk use in hospitalized medical patients

RESUMEN: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal, con el objetivo de identificar la asociación del consumo de psicofármacos y el aumento del riesgo de padecer apnea obstructiva del sueño (A.O.S.), en pacientes internados y bajo tratamiento con psicofármacos en Hospital General (Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay) durante julio-septiembre de 2019. Se aplicó el cuestionario STOP BANG, hallándose riesgo elevado de A.O.S en el 59,4% de la muestra, del cual 75,6% corresponde al sexo masculino y el 24,4% corresponde al sexo femenino. El riesgo elevado para A.O.S fue: 54,3% para pacientes en tratamiento con un solo psicofármaco y 71,4% con dos. El grupo de antipsicóticos fue el que se asoció con mayor frecuencia al riesgo elevado de A.O.S.

SUMMARY A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective of identifying the link between psychotropic medications and an increased risk of suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients under treatment with psychotropic medication who were hospitalized in General Hospital (Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay) during the July-September 2019 period. The STOP BANG questionnaire was applied, elevated risk of OSA was found in 59.4% of the sample, of which 75.6% were male, while 24.4% were female. The elevated risk of OSA was: 54.4% for patients under treatment with a single psychotropic medication and 71.4% for patients under treatment with two psychotropic medications. Antipsychotics were the most frequently group of psychotropic drugs linked to an elevated OSA risk.

Prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en pacientes asmáticos que se controlan en el Hospital Roberto del Río: estudio piloto / Prevalence of sleep breathing disorders in asthmatic patients monitored at Roberto del Río Hospital: a pilot study

Introducción. El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes en niños. Múltiples estudios han sugerido que en la infancia presenta una asociación significativa con los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, con una prevalencia en niños asmáticos de un 24%. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en pacientes con asma controlados en un hospital pediátrico (6-15 años). Pacientes y Método. Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de sueño pediátrico validado en español (pediatric sleep questionnaire, PSQ) y el Cuestionario de Control del Asma en Niños (CAN) a los padres de los niños con diagnósticos de asma controlados en Hospital Roberto del Río, vía telefónica y vía email. Resultados: La prevalencia de TRS fue de 34,8%. Un 20% presenta mal control de asma definido como CAN >8. Un 58,1% de los padres reportaron sobrepeso en los pacientes Conclusiones: la prevalencia de TRS en los niños estudiados es alta y obliga a investigar en cada consulta por estos síntomas. Aplicar la encuesta en cada consulta, de forma online podría aportar al conocimiento de estos pacientes y mantener la prevalencia del problema actualizada, para focalizar las intervenciones apropiadas.

Introduction. Asthma is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in children, multiple studies have suggested that in childhood it presents a significant association with sleep-disordered breathing, with a prevalence in asthmatic children of 24%.The objective was to determine the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (RRT) in patients with asthma controlled in a pediatric hospital (6-15 years). Patients and Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study. The pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) and the Child Asthma Control Questionnaire (CAN) were applied to the parents of children with controlled asthma diagnoses at Hospital Roberto del Río, by telephone and via e-mail. Results: The prevalence of RRT was 34.8%. 20% have poor asthma control defined as CAN> 8. 58.1% of parents reported overweight in patients Conclusions: the prevalence of RRT in the children studied is high and makes it necessary to investigate these symptoms at each visit. Applying the survey in each consultation, online, could contribute to the knowledge of these patients and keep the prevalence of the problem updated, in order to focalized the interventions.

Composición corporal y trastornos respiratorios del sueño en escolares de Valdivia, Chile / Relationship between body composition and sleep-disordered breathing in schoolchildren from Valdivia, Chile

Resumen: Introducción: La malnutrition por exceso en la infancia constituye una epidemia mundial y se asocia a múltiples enfermedades y complicaciones. Entre ellas, destacan los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS), espectro de enfermedades que han emergido como un problema de salud relevante. Objetivo: Eva luar la relación entre la composición corporal y la presencia de TRS en escolares. Sujetos y Méto do: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal en 127 escolares de primero a octavo básico escogidos aleatoriamente de cinco establecimientos municipales de Valdivia, Chile. La incorporación al estudio ocurrió luego del proceso de consentimiento informado del responsable del escolar y asentimiento informado del menor. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y se determinó la presencia de TRS mediante el Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Para el análisis se aplicó esta dística descriptiva, t de Student y test x2 para determinar asociación de variables con la presencia de TRS. Resultados: Destacó alta prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso (71,7%) y la obesidad alcanzó 39,4%. En tanto la prevalencia de TRS fue 32,3%. Hubo mayor proporción de niños con TRS en escolares obesos severos (56,3%), así como una media significativamente mayor en niños con TRS para los pliegues bicipital (14,6 mm ± 7,3 vs. 12,0 mm ± 6,6; p=0,002) y tricipital (19,8 ± 6,7 mm vs. 16,2 mm ± 6,0; p =0,04). Conclusiones: Existen altas prevalencias de malnutrición por exceso y TRS. De las medidas antropométricas, la presencia de TRS se asoció con mayor grosor de los plie gues bicipital y tricipital.

Abstract: Introduction: Overnutrition in childhood constitutes a global epidemic and has been associated with multiple di seases and complications. Among them, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) stands out, a spectrum of diseases that have emerged as a relevant health problem. Objective: To evaluate the association bet ween nutritional status and SDB in schoolchildren. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional analytical study of 127 schoolchildren randomly selected from five public schools in Valdivia, Chile. After the informed assent and informed consent process of the child and parents/guardian respectively, the students were incorporated into the study. Anthropometric measurements were performed and the presence of SDB was determined through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). For the data analysis, the t-test and x2 test were used to determine the association of variables with SDB. Re sults: There was a high prevalence of overnutrition (71.7%) and obesity reached 39.4%. Regarding the prevalence of SDB, it was 32.3%. There was a higher proportion of children with SDB in severely obese schoolchildren (56.3%), as well as, a significantly higher mean of biceps and triceps skinfold thickness in children with SDB (14.6 mm ± 7.3 vs. 12.0 mm ± 6.6, p = 0.002, and 19.8 ± 6.7 mm vs. 16.2 mm ± 6.0, p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: There is high prevalence of overnutrition and SDB. Out of the anthropometric measurements, the presence of SDB was associated with greater thickness of the biceps and triceps skinfolds.

Poligrafía pediátrica: experiencia de 6 años / Pediatric polygraphy: a 6-year experience

INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico precoz de los Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño (TRS) puede permitir una intervención oportuna. La poligrafía (PG) es una alternativa confiable y accesible en la actualidad. OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar PG de niños > 1 año con sospecha de TRS. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se incluyeron PG de niños y adolescentes > 1 año de edad con sospecha de TRS, desde diciembre de 2011 hasta agosto de 2017 provenientes de la ciudad de Concepcion, Chile. Se recopilaron datos demo gráficos, clínicos y variables poligráficas. Estadística descriptiva, expresando resultados en mediana y rango. Se determinó asociación entre índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH) y saturación mediante Rho de Spearman; considerando significancia p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 190 estudios. Edad 7,9 años (1,0-20,6), varones 61%. Diagnósticos: enfermedades neuromusculares (ENM) (24,2%), daño pulmonar crónico (21,1%), obstrucción de vía aérea superior (OVAS) (19,5%), daño neurológico (11%), síndrome de Down (8,9%) malformaciones VAS (7,4%), hipoventilación central (3,7%), obesidad (2,6%) y otros (1,6%). El 55,3% de las PG resultaron alteradas; síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) leve en 53,3%, moderado 30,5% y severo 16,2%. No se observaron diferencias significativas en IAH entre grupos de patologías (p = 0,032), destacando un mayor IAH en Obesidad 9,0 (0,41-51) y ENM 23,9 (0,4-36,6). Se constató asociación entre IAH y parámetros de saturación; saturación promedio (rho = -0,425; p = 0,001); mínima (rho = -0,654; p = 0,001); y saturación bajo 90% (rho = 0,323; p = 0,001) en la totalidad de la muestra. DISCUSIÓN: Existió un alto porcentaje de SAHOS en pacientes pediátricos de riesgo, en especial en aquellos con ENM y obesidad. La PG es una herramienta accesible e implementable en un hospital público; situación potencialmente extrapolable a otros centros asistenciales.

INTRODUCTION: The early diagnosis of Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) may allow proper intervention. Currently, polygraphy (PG) is a reliable and accessible alternative. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the PG of children > 1 year old with suspicion of SDB. PATIENTS AND METHOD: PG of children > 1 year old and adolescents from Concepcion, Chile, with suspected SDB were included, from December 2011 to August 2017. Demographic, clinical and polygraphic variables were collected. It was used descriptive sta tistics, expressing results in median and range. The association between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation was determined by Spearman's Rho, considering significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS: 190 studies were analyzed. Age 7.9 years old (1.0-20.6), 61% males. Diagnosis: neuromuscular disease (NMD) (24.2%), chronic lung damage (21.1%), upper airway obstruction (UAO) (19.5%), neurological damage (11%), Down syndrome (8.9%), upper airway malformations (7.4%), central hypoventilation (3.7%), obesity (2.6%), and others (1.6%). 55.3% were altered PG, with 53.3% of mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS), 30.5% moderate, and 16.2% severe. There were no significant differences in AHI between groups of pathologies (p = 0.032), highlighting a higher AHI in obese patients 9 (0.41-51), and those with NMD 23.9 (0.4-36.6). It was found asso ciation between AHI and oxygen saturation parameters: mean saturation (rho = -0.425; p = 0.001), minimum (rho = -0.654; p = 0.001), and oxygen saturation below 90% (rho = 0.323; p = 0.001) in the whole sample. DISCUSSION: There was a high percentage of OSAHS in at-risk pediatric patients, especially in those with NMD and obesity. PG is an accessible and implementable tool in a public hospital, a situation that can potentially be extrapolated to other healthcare centers.

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en niños escolares chilenos: prevalencia y factores de riesgo / Prevalence and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in chilean schoolchildren

Resumen: Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en escolares chilenos y estudiar factores de riesgo asociados. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se enviaron cuestionarios a los padres de niños de 1° año básico de colegios de la Región Metropolitana (Santiago), Región del Biobío (Concepción, Chillán, Yumbel) y Región de Magallanes (Porvenir y Puerto Natales). Se consignaron datos antropométricos, desempeño escolar, características del hogar, contaminantes intradomiciliarios, antecedentes médicos y síntomas actuales de asma, rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica. Se determinó estado nutricional según zIMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario de sue ño pediátrico validado en español (pediatric sleep questionnaire, PSQ). Resultados: 564 encuestas fueron analizadas, la edad mediana fue 6 años (rango 5 a 9), 44,9% sexo masculino. La prevalencia de TRS fue 17,7% (n = 100): 6% en Vitacura (Metropolitana), 28,7% en Chillán (Biobío) y 36,4% en Puerto Natales (Magallanes) (p = 0,001). El grupo con TRS tuvo mayor proporción de hombres (54,5 vs 42,8%, p = 0,033), menor rendimiento académico (promedio general 6,36 ± 0,48 vs 6,56 ± 0,34, p = 0,001), menor educación superior materna (44,4 vs 69,9%, p = 0,001) y mayor exposición a contaminantes intradomiciliarios que aquellos sin TRS. Posterior al análisis multivariado se mantu vieron como predictor de TRS el haber presentado síntomas de rinitis en últimos 12 meses (OR 4,79; IC 95% 2,20-10,43) y el nivel educacional básico o medio de la madre (OR 3,51; IC 95% 1,53-8,02). Conclusiones: Los escolares chilenos presentan una alta prevalencia de TRS, con diferencias demo gráficas. Se asoció a factores de riesgo social, a factores más específicos de daño pulmonar y a peor cantidad y calidad del sueño.

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Chilean schoolchil dren and study associated risk factors. Patients and Method: We carried out a transversal and des criptive study. Questionnaires were sent to the parents of children attending first year of elementary school in the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), the Biobío Region (Concepción, Chillán, Yumbel) and the Magallanes Region (Porvenir and Puerto Natales). Anthropometric data, school performan ce, household characteristics, indoor pollutants, medical history, and current symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were recorded. The nutritional status was determined accor ding to z-BMI. A pediatric sleep questionnaire validated in Spanish (PSQ) was applied. Results: 564 questionnaires were analyzed, the median age was six years (range 5 to 9), 44.9% male. The SDB prevalence was 17.7% (n = 100): 6% in Vitacura (Metropolitan Region), 28.7% in Chillán (Biobío Region), and 36.4% in Puerto Natales (Magallanes Region) (p = 0.001). The group with SDB had a higher proportion of men (54.5 vs 42.8%, p = 0.033), lower academic performance (overall grade point average 6.36 ± 0.48 vs 6.56 ± 0.34, p = 0.001), lower maternal higher education (44.4% vs 69.9%, p = 0.001), and higher exposure to indoor pollutants than those without SDB. After the multivariate analysis, symptoms of rhinitis in the last 12 months (OR 4.79, 95% CI 2.20-10.43) and lower maternal educational level (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.53-8.02) remained as predictors of SDB. Con clusions: Chilean schoolchildren have a high prevalence of SDB with demographic differences. It was associated with social risk factors, more specific factors of lung damage, and worse sleep quality and quantity.

Endoscopía del sueño inducida por medicamentos en pacientes con Síndrome de Apneas e Hipoapneas del Sueño / Drug induced sleep endoscopy in patients with obstructive sleep apneas and hypopneas / Endoscopia do sonho induzido por drogas em pacientes com síndrome de apneas e hipoapneas do sonho

INTRODUCCIÓN: La endoscopia del sueño inducida bajo medicación ha demostrado ser una herramienta de una gran validez y utilidad en el topodiagnóstico de las obstrucciones producidas en las roncopatías y en los síndromes de apneas e hipoapneas obstructivas del sueño. Se presentan los resultados de un protocolo estandarizado de la endoscopia del sueño inducida bajo medicación en una institución hospitalaria argentina, siendo uno de los primeros estudios descritos en el país. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo. Pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de apneas e hipopneas del sueño mayores de 18 años fueron incluidos entre junio de 2013 a junio de 2015. Se realizó un análisis univariado descriptivo con utilización de test de Chi cuadrado para significancia estadística.

INTRODUCTION: Drug induced sleep endoscopy has been described as a useful tool in the anatomic diagnosis of obstructions due to roncopathies and obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea. This research shows the results of standardized drug induced sleep endoscopy protocol in an Argentinian Hospital. It is one of the first studies described in this country. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study. Patients with diagnosis of sleep apnea and hyponea syndrome over 18 years were included between June 2013 and June 2015. An univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square test for statistical significance

INTRODUÇÃO: Induzida endoscopia sono sob medicação provou ser uma ferramenta de grande validade e utilidade no topodiagnóstico das obstruções geradas em síndromes ronco e apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono. Apresentamos os resultados de um protocolo induzida endoscopia sono sob medicação padronizado em uma instituição hospitalar na Argentina, sendo um dos primeiros estudos descritos no país. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo. Os pacientes diagnosticados com apnéia do sono e síndrome hipopnéia acima de 18 anos foram recrutados a partir de junho de 2013 a junho de 2015. A análise univariada descritiva por meio do teste Qui-quadrado foi realizado para significância estatística.

Epidemiología de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño en pediatría / Epidemiology of pediatric respiratory sleep disorders

Pediatric sleep medicine has shown a considerable development during the last decades; however, sleep disorders epidemiology is varied and limited, mainly by the various definitions used. This articucle refers to prevalence data obtained by studies that include medical history, questionnaires and/or sleep studies. It includes the analysis of factors that may influence its epidemiology: age, gender, obesity, prenatal factores, ethnicity, socieconomic status and influence of some respiratory diseses susch as asthma and rhinitis. In addiction, aspects related to the natural evolution of respiratorty sleep disorders are described

La medicina del sueño pediátrica ha avanzado considerablemente durante las últimas décadas; sin embargo la evidencia epidemiológica es variada y limitada, principalmente por las diversas definiciones empleadas. El presente artículo profundiza sobre aspectos de prvalencia mediante estudios de anamnesis, cuestionarios y/o estudios de sueño; se incluye el análisis de factores que pueden influir en su epidemiología; edad, género, obesidad, factores prenatales, etnia genética, nivel socioeconómico e influencia de algunas enfermedades respiratorias como asma y rinitis. Adicionalmente, se describen aspectos relacionados con la evolución natural de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño

Obesidad y sueño / Obesity and sleep

The progress of the obesity epidemic in children and adolescents and its close relationship with sleep and their comorbidities are a reason for growing concern. In this articule we review the epidemiology, prenantal, and postnatal risk factors of obesity, and associated comorbidities, such as: metabolic syndrome; chronic pro-inflammatory state and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), with the involved pathophysiological mechanisms. We also analyze the links between obesity and SDB, the consequences of this association, in terms of enhancing the damage to physical and psychological health and the main therapeutic available measures

El avance de la epidemia de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes, su estrecha relación con el sueño y sus comorbilidades son motivo de una preocupación creciente. En este artículo revisaremos la epidemiología y factores de riesgo prenatales y postnatales de la obesidad. y las comorbilidades asociadas, tales como: síndrome metabólico, estado pro-inflamatorio crónico y trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS), con los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados. También analizaremod las interconexiones entre la obesidad y los TRS, las consecuencias de esta asociación, en cuanto a potenciarel daño a la salud física y psicológica y las principales medidad terapéuticas disponibles

Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children

INTRODUCTION: The main cause of mouth breathing and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in childhood is associated with upper airway narrowing to varying degrees. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of morphological and functional craniofacial changes and the main clinical symptoms of SDB in healthy children. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. A sample comprising 687 healthy schoolchildren, aged 7-12 years old and attending public schools, was assessed by medical history, clinical medical and dental examination, and respiratory tests. The self-perceived quality of life of mouth breathing children was obtained by a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of the total sample, 520 children were nose breathers (NB) while 167 (24.3%) were mouth breathers (MB); 32.5% had severe hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils, 18% had a Mallampati score of III or IV, 26.1% had excessive overjet and 17.7% had anterior open bite malocclusion. Among the MB, 53.9% had atresic palate, 35.9% had lip incompetence, 33.5% reported sleepiness during the day, 32.2% often sneezed, 32.2% had a stuffy nose, 19.6% snored, and 9.4% reported having the feeling to stop breathing while asleep. However, the self-perception of their quality of life was considered good. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of facial changes as well as signs and symptoms of mouth breathing were found among health children, requiring early diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of SDB. .

INTRODUÇÃO: a principal causa da respiração bucal e dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) está associada ao estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores, em diferentes graus. OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência de alterações morfológicas e funcionais da face e os principais sintomas clínicos de DRS em crianças saudáveis. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, observacional, com amostra de 687 escolares saudáveis, provenientes de escolas públicas, com idades entre 7 e 12 anos. Foram avaliados pela história clínica, exame clínico médico e odontológico e testes respiratórios. A autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos escolares com respiração bucal foi obtida por meio de um questionário validado. RESULTADOS: na amostra total, 520 crianças eram respiradoras nasais (RN) e 167 (24,3%) eram respiradoras bucais (RB); 32,5% tinham hipertrofia das amígdalas palatinas, 18% tinham índice Mallampati obstrutivo (III e IV); 26,1% tinham overjet exagerado e 17,7%, mordida aberta anterior. Entre os RB, 53,9% tinham palato atrésico; 35,9% com ausência de selamento labial; 33,5% relataram sonolência diurna; 32,2%, espirros frequentes; 32,2%, nariz entupido; 19,6% roncavam e 9,4% relataram ter a sensação de parar de respirar durante o sono. Entretanto, a autopercepção da qualidade de vida desses escolares foi considerada boa. CONCLUSÃO: foi encontrada alta prevalência de alterações faciais, de sinais e de sintomas clínicos de respiração bucal nos escolares saudáveis examinados, necessitando diagnóstico e tratamento para reduzir o risco de DRS. .

Apneia do sono é causa secundária de hipertensão arterial? / Is Sleep apnea a secondary cause of arterial hypertension?

Apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) são condições que coexistem em muitos pacientes. O mecanismo primário subjacente para a hipertensão arterial em indivíduos com apneia do sono é a ativação simpática desencadeada pelosepisódios apneicos. A classificação da apneia do sono como causa secundária de hipertensão parece ser inadequada. Meta-análise recente mostrou que aterapia para AOS com CPAP por longo prazo não esteve associada com diminuição dos níveis de pressãoarterial e nem promoveu redução da necessidade da medicação para controle da pressão arterial elevada.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and arterial hypertension are conditions that coexist in many patients. The main underlying mechanism of arterialhypertension for people with sleep apnea is sympathetic activation triggered by apneic episodes. The classification of sleep apnea as a secondary cause of hypertension appears to be inadequate. A recentmeta-analysis showed that long-term treatment for OSA with CPAP was not associated with reductions in blood pressure levels and did not lessen the need for high blood pressure medications.

Prevalencia disímil de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en escolares / Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing among schoolchildren in two communes of Santiago

Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de ronquido habitual como síntoma cardinal de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en población escolar de dos comunas de Santiago, de diferente nivel socioeconómico y exposición a contaminación ambiental. Métodos: Estudio transversal, de tipo ecológico. Se aplicó un cuestionario de sueño a los padres de escolares de 1° básico a 3°medio matriculados en dos colegios ubicados en las comunas de Puente Alto (zona sur oriente, colegio subvencionado) y Providencia (zona oriente, colegio particular). Los datos de contaminación ambiental se obtuvieron a partir del registro de estaciones de monitoreo. La caracterización socioeconómica comunal se realizó en base a fuentes ministeriales. Resultados: Los niveles de contaminación ambiental fueron mayores en el sector sur-oriente, comparado con el sector oriente de Santiago. Los indicadores comunales de nivel socioeconómico fueron superiores en la comuna de Providencia. La prevalencia de ronquido en escolares fue superior en el colegio ubicado en Puente Alto (18,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 14,0-21,6) en comparación al colegio ubicado en Providencia (0,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 0,1-2,4). Conclusión: La prevalencia de TRS fue diferente en las comunas estudiadas y podría estar atribuida a factores medioambientales y socioeconómicos. El presente estudio constituye un punto de partida para la realización de estudios de base individual.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of habitual snoring as cardinal symptom of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in schoolchildren from two communes of Santiago, presenting different levels of socioeconomic status and exposure to environmental pollution. Methods: Cross-sectional ecological study. A sleep questionnaire was administered to parents of primary school kids from 1st through 3rd grade, from two schools, one located in the district of Puente Alto (south-east, subsidized school) and the other in Providencia (east area, private school). Pollution data were obtained from monitoring stations. Socioeconomic characterization was performed based on government sources. Results: The levels of air pollution were higher in the south-east area, compared to the eastern sector of Santiago. Indicators of socioeconomic level were higher in the Providencia commune. The prevalence of snoring in students was higher in the school located in Puente Ailto (18.2 percent, 95 percent CI 14.0 to 21.6) compared to the school located in Providencia (0.7 percent, 95 percent CI 0.1 - 2.4). Conclusion: The prevalence of SDB was different in the communities studied and could be attributed to environmental and socioeconomic factors. This study is a starting point for further studies on individual basis.

Associations of Moderate to Severe Asthma with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between associating factors of moderate to severe asthma with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven patients who visited the pulmonary and sleep clinic in Severance Hospital presenting with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were evaluated. All subjects were screened with ApneaLink. Thirty-two subjects with a high likelihood of having OSA were assessed with full polysomnography (PSG). RESULTS: The mean age was 58.8+/-12.0 years and 58.7% of subjects were male. The mean ApneaLink apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 12.7+/-13.0/hr. The mean ApneaLink AHI for the 32 selected high risk patients of OSA was 22.3+/-13.2/hr, which was lower than the sleep laboratory-based PSG AHI of 39.1+/-20.5/hr. When OSA was defined at an ApneaLink AHI > or =5/hr, the positive correlating factors for OSA were age, male gender, and moderate to severe asthma. CONCLUSION: Moderate to severe asthma showed strong correlation with OSA when defined at an ApneaLink AHI > or =5/hr.

Apnea obstructiva del sueño y trastornos psiquiátricos / Obstructive sleep apnea and psychiatric disorders

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea is one of the most common sleep disorders, and is characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep caused suddenly, with a subsequent decrease in blood oxygen's saturation and has repercussions in the patient's general condition. Aim: To describe the characteristics of this association according to the available medical evidence. Report: The mechanisms of association of sleep apnea with psychiatric disorders are not well defined. However the coexistence of depressive symptoms with this condition has been documented and refractoriness in the treatment of psychiatric disorders when there is comorbidity. Although there is more evidence linking psychiatric disorders with obstructive sleep apnea, there is some evidence linking depressive disorders and anxiety symptoms, comorbid sleep apnea, which alerts the active search for both conditions in patients one of the diagnoses. Conclusions: Physicians should suspect obstructive sleep apnea in patients with refractory depression mainly chronic snoring, short and wide neck, a high body mass index and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño es una de las alteraciones más comunes del dormir, se caracteriza por colapsos recurrentes de la vía aérea superior causados repentinamente durante el sueño, con posterior disminución de la saturación de oxígeno en sangre y repercusiones en el paciente en su estado general. Objetivo: Describir las características de esta asociación conforme a la evidencia médica disponible. Desarrollo: Los mecanismos de asociación de la apnea del sueño con trastornos psiquiátricos no están bien definidos. Sin embargo, se ha documentado la coexistencia de síntomas depresivos con esta patología, y la refractariedad en el tratamiento de los trastornos psiquiátricos cuando existe esta comorbilidad. Aunque no se encuentra mayor evidencia que relacione los trastornos psiquiátricos con la apnea obstructiva del sueño, existen algunos datos que relacionan los trastornos depresivos y síntomas ansiosos, con comorbilidad de apnea del sueño, lo que alerta sobre la búsqueda activa de ambas condiciones en los pacientes con uno de los diagnósticos. Conclusiones: El médico debe sospechar apnea obstructiva del sueño en pacientes con depresión refractaria principalmente, ronquido crónico, cuello corto y ancho, un elevado índice de masa corporal y somnolencia diurna excesiva.

Incidencia y tratamiento de la roncopatía en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez, diciembre 2008-2009 / Incidence and treatment of snore disease in the General Calixto García Iñíguez University Hospital, December 2008-2009

Introducción: La roncopatía es un problema de salud actual, frecuente en la población adulta por su incidencia y repercusión negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia, los síntomas, los factores predisponentes, las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes y evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección en la población sometida a estudio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Se estudiaron 21 pacientes, 14 (66,6 por ciento) del sexo masculino y 7 (33,4 por ciento) del femenino, atendidos en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez durante el período comprendido de diciembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de apnea del sueño, más trastornos diurnos como hipersomnolencia diurna y cefalea matinal y en algunos casos popliglobulia e hipertensión arterial. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea. A 19 (90,47 por ciento) de los pacientes con roncopatía se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente a la semana y al mes de operados. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes en los pacientes roncadores fueron la hipersonmolencia diurna, los ahogos nocturnos y la cefalea matinal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea

Introduction: The snore disease is a current health problem frequent in adult population due to its incidence and negative repercussion on the quality of life of involved patients. Objectives: To know the incidence, symptoms, predisposing factors, the more frequent associated diseases and also to assess the results of surgical treatment of this affection in the study population. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Twenty one patients were studied, 14 (66,6 percent) of male sex and 7 (33,4 percent) of female sex, seen in the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the "General Calixto GarcÝa I±iguez " University Hospital from December, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: The 33 percent of patients had sleep apneic syndrome plus diurnal disorders like the diurnal hypersomnia and morning headache and in some cases popligulia and arterial high blood pressure. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction. A total of 19 patients (90,47 percent) were surgically treated with a satisfactory evolution at one week and at one month after surgery. Conclusions: The more frequent symptoms in snoring patients were the diurnal hypersomnia, nocturnal breathlessness and morning headache. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction

Epidemiologia dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono / Epidemiology of sleep-disordered breathing

Os principais distúrbios respiratórios do sono, ronco e SAOS, são muito prevalentes na população geral, embora se acredite que a maioria dos casos continue não diagnosticada. Devemos estar atentos para os principais fatores de risco que favorecem o aparecimento desses distúrbios, como gênero masculino, obesidade, envelhecimento e características crânio-faciais. Da mesma forma, a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, enfermidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas deve nos alertar para a possibilidade da concomitância de SAOS.

The principal types of sleep-disordered breathing-snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome-are highly prevalent in the general population, although it is believed that the majority of cases continue to go undiagnosed. We should be aware of the principal risk factors that favor the onset of these disorders, such as male gender, obesity, aging and craniofacial features. Similarly, systemic arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders should alert us to the possibility of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Sleep disordered breathing in children.

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is increasingly being recognised as a cause of morbidity even in young children. With an estimated prevalence of 1 to 4 per cent, SDB results from having a structurally narrow airway combined with reduced neuromuscular tone and increased airway collapsibility. SDB in children differs from adults in a number of ways, including presenting symptoms and treatment. Presentation may differ according to the age of the child. Children have a more varied presentation from snoring and frequent arousals to enuresis to hyperactivity. Those with Down syndrome, midface hypoplasia or neuromuscular disorders are at higher risk for developing SDB. First line definitive treatment in children involves tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Rapid maxillary expansion, allergy treatment and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are other options. As untreated SDB results in complications as learning difficulties, memory loss and a long term increase in risk of hypertension, depression and poor growth, it is important to diagnose SDB.

Sleep disordered breathing in women of childbearing age & during pregnancy.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects 11 per cent of pre-menopausal women though it often remains undetected. Women may present differently than men, and the classic findings of snoring, witnessed apnoeas and sleepiness may not be observed. Factors which predispose to OSA include polycystic ovarian syndrome, obesity, retromicrognathia, and hypothyroidism. OSA may contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction, depression, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Emerging evidence indicates that snoring and OSA increase during pregnancy. For normal women with normotensive, low-risk pregnancies the prevalence of OSA is very low. Among normotensive pregnant women with high risk pregnancies, the prevalence of OSA is high and is even higher among those with gestational hypertension/preeclampsia during pregnancy. Incident snoring, which is a marker for OSA, is associated with an increased risk of developing gestational hypertension. Recent studies indicate that OSA per se is an independent risk factor for gestational hypertension/pre-eclampsia and may contribute to other poor obstetrical outcomes. The diagnostic test of choice for OSA is a polysomnography with electroencephalogram. Milder degree of disease than what is usually considered clinically significant among men or non-pregnant women appears to be relevant for foetomaternal outcomes. There seems to be benefit for blood pressure control to treating even milder degrees of OSA with CPAP, both acutely and over the 9 months of pregnancy. Chronic hypertensive women should be strongly considered for diagnosis and treatment of OSA prior to or beginning as early as possible in pregnancy to help maintain blood pressure control. Increasing awareness of OSA among maternal health care providers is important given the potential benefits for pregnancy and other health-related outcomes associated with identification and treatment of OSA.

Central sleep apnoea.

Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep due to absent ventilatory drive and may be associated with symptoms of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness or frequent arousals. Central apnoeas occur through two pathophysiologic patterns, either posthyperventilation or post-hypoventilation. The prevalence of CSA is dependent on the population being studied, the predominant risk factors being elderly age group and co-morbid conditions. Data regarding the racial distribution of this disorder are very limited. CSA may be a clinical marker of underlying medical disorders, including cardiac or neurological disease, with resultant significant morbidity and mortality. Given that the underlying pathogenesis remains poorly understood, therapeutic options are currently limited to empiric treatment with PAP devices and rudimentary attempts at pharmacologic therapy with respiratory stimulant drugs and/or oxygen/carbon dioxide gas supplementation as well as treating the underlying cause. The long-term impact of CSA on health and mortality needs further clarification. Future research should be aimed at elucidating the physiologic determinants and consequences of central breathing instability in populations of different age groups, gender and racial descent, as a prerequisite to the development of novel therapeutic interventions in the different populations.